https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2021.1185 Energy efficiency of a hybrid cable yarding system: A case study in the North-Eastern Italian Alps under real working conditions
Published:30 September 2021
Abstract Views: 1184
PDF: 576
HTML: 5
HTML: 5
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, low emission or zero-emission technologies have been applied to light and heavyduty vehicles by adopting electric propulsion systems and battery energy storage. Hybrid cable yarders and electrical slack-pulling carriages could represent an opportunity to increase the energy efficiency of forestry operations leading to lower impact timber harvesting and economic savings thanks to reduced fuel consumption. However, given the limited experience with hybrid-electric systems applied to cable yarding operations, these assumptions remain uncertain. This study assessed an uphill cable yarding operation using a hybrid cable yarder and an active slack-pulling electric power carriage over thirty working days. A total of 915 work cycles on four different cable lines were analysed. Longterm monitoring using Can-BUS data and direct field observations were used to evaluate the total energy efficiency, total energy efficiency (%), and fuel consumption per unit of timber extracted (L/m3). The use of the electric-hybrid system with a 700 V supercapacitor to store the recovered energy made it possible to reduce the running time of the engine by about 38% of the total working time. However, only 35% to 41% of the Diesel-based mechanical energy was consumed by the mainline and haulback winches. Indeed, the remaining energy was consumed by the other winches of the cable line system (skyline, strawline winches and carriage recharging or breaking during outhaul) or dissipated by the system (e.g., by the haulback blocks). With reference to all work cycles, the highest net energy consumption occurred during the inhaulunload work element with a maximum of 1.15 kWh, consuming 70% of total net energy consumption to complete a work cycle. In contrast, lower energy consumption was recorded for lateral skid and outhaul, recording a maximum of 23% and 32% of the total net energy consumption, respectively. The estimated recovered energy, on average between the four cable lines, was 2.56 kWh. Therefore, the reduced fuel need was assessed to be approximately 730 L of fuel in the 212.5 PMH15 of observation, for a total emissions reduction of 1907 kg CO2 eq, 2.08 kg CO2 eq for each work cycle.
ACEA. 2020. CO2 emissions from heavy ‐ duty vehicles preliminary CO2 baseline. Assoc. Des Constr. Eur. d’Automobile (March).
ARCADIS, RPA, European Commission/Directorate General Enterprise and Industry. 2010. Study in view of the revision of Directive 97/68/EC on non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). Final Rep. Modul. 1 - An Emiss. Invent. (December).
Bates D., Mächler M., Bolker B.M., Walker S.C., Zurich E., Bolker B.M., Walker S.C. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67:51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Björheden R. 1991. Basic time concepts for international comparisons of time study reports. J. For. Eng. 2:33-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08435243.1991.10702626
Cadei A., Mologni O., Röser D., Cavalli R., Grigolato S. 2020. Forwarder productivity in salvage logging operations in difficult terrain. Forest@ 11:14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030341
Chan C.C. 2002. The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles. IEEE 90:247-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/5.989873
Chasse A., Sciarretta A. 2011. Supervisory control of hybrid powertrains: An experimental benchmark of offline optimization and online energy management. Control Eng. Pract. 19:1253-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2011.04.008
Chirici G., Giannetti F., Travaglini D., Nocentini S., Francini S., D’Amico G., Marchetti M. 2019. Forest damage inventory after the ‘Vaia’ storm in Italy. Forest@ 16:3-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3832/efor3070-016
Correa G., Muñoz P.M., Rodriguez C.R. 2019. A comparative energy and environmental analysis of a diesel, hybrid, hydrogen and electric urban bus. Energy 187:115906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.115906
Daziano R.A., Chiew E. 2012. Electric vehicles rising from the dead: Data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation. Energy Policy 51:876-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.040
De la Fuente T., González-García S., Athanassiadis D., Nordfjell T. 2017. Fuel consumption and GHG emissions of forest biomass supply chains in Northern Sweden: a comparison analysis between integrated and conventional supply chains. Scand. J. For. Res. 32:568-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2016.1259424
Deryabin E.I., Zhuravleva L.A. 2020. Electric traction drive of an agricultural tractor. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 548(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/3/032037
Deutz AG. 2011. BFL 2011. 51149 Köln, Deutschland. Available from: https://www.deutz.com/fileadmin/contents/com/engines/stationaere_anlagen/en/BFL_2011_Genset_EN.pdf
Ehrenberger S.I., Konrad M., Philipps F. 2020. Pollutant emissions analysis of three plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using different modes of operation and driving conditions. Atmos. Environ. 234:10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117612
European Commission. 2018. A Clean Planet for all. A European long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. COM(2018) 773, 114 p.
Hiesl P., Benjamin J.G. (2013). A multi-stem feller-buncher cycle-time model for partial harvest of small-diameter wood stands. Int. J. For. Eng. 24:101-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2013.841626
Kärhä K., Anttonen T., Poikela A., Palander T., Laur A. 2018. Evaluation of salvage logging productivity and costs in windthrown Norway spruce-dominated forests. Forests 9:22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050280
Karlušíc J., Cipek M., Pavkovíc D., Beníc J., Šitum Ž., Pandur Z., Šušnjar M. 2020. Simulation models of skidder conventional and hybrid drive. Forests 11(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090921
Koller Forsttechnik. 2019. Complete product range. Available from: https://www.kollergmbh.com/images/kataloge/Produktkatalog_gesamt_2018_EN.pdf
Koller GmbH. 2020. Kippmastgerät K507H-e-Betriebs-und Wartungsanleitung. Schwoich/Austria.
Kulor, F., Markus, E. D., Kanzumba, K. 2021. Design and control challenges of hybrid, dual nozzle gas turbine power generating plant: A critical review. Energy Rep. 7:324-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.12.042
Lee E., Im S., Han S. 2018. Productivity and cost of a small-scale cable yarder in an uphill and downhill area : a case study in South Korea. Forest Sci. Technol. 14:16-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2017.1409662
Lindroos O., Cavalli R. 2016. Cable yarding productivity models: a systematic review over the period 2000-2011. Int. J. For. Eng. 27:1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2016.1198633
Magee L. 1990. R2 measures based on wald and likelihood ratio joint significance tests. Am. Stat. 44:250-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1990.10475731
Mocera F., Somà A. 2020. Analysis of a parallel hybrid electric tractor for agricultural applications. Energies 13(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123055
Mologni O., Lyons C.K., Zambon G., Proto A.R., Zimbalatti G., Cavalli R., Grigolato S. 2019. Skyline tensile force monitoring of mobile tower yarders operating in the Italian Alps. Eur. J. For. Res. 138:847-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-019-01207-0
Motta R., Ascoli D., Corona P., Marchetti M., Vacchiano G. 2018. Silviculture and wind damages. The storm ‘Vaia.’ Forest@ 15:94-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3832/efor2990-015
Oyier P., Visser R. 2016. Fuel consumption of timber harvesting systems in New Zealand. Eur. J. For. Eng. 2:67-73.
Prinz R., Laitila J., Eliasson L., Routa J., Järviö N., Asikainen A. 2018. Hybrid solutions as a measure to increase energy efficiency - study of a prototype of a hybrid technology chipper. Int. J. For. Eng. 29:151-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2018.1505350
Proto A.R., Skoupy A., Macri G., Zimbalatti G. 2016. Time consumption and productivity of a medium size mobile tower yarder in downhill and uphill configurations: A case study in Czech republic. J. Agric. Eng. 47:216-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.551
R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
Rong-Feng S., Xiaozhen Z., Chengjun Z. 2017. Study on drive system of hybrid tree harvester. Sci. World J. 2017:8636204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8636204
Spinelli R., Magagnotti N., Lombardini C. 2010. Performance, capability and costs of small-scale cable yarding technology. Small-Scale For. 9:123-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-009-9106-2
Stoilov S., Proto A.R., Angelov G., Papandrea S.F., Borz S.A. 2021. Evaluation of salvage logging productivity and costs in the sensitive forests of Bulgaria. Forests 12:1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030309
Varch T., Erber G., Spinelli R., Magagnotti N., Stampfer K. 2020. Productivity, fuel consumption and cost in whole tree cable yarding: conventional diesel carriage versus electrical energy-recuperating carriage. Int. J. For. Eng. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2020.1848178
Vijayagopal R., Rousseau A. 2020. Benefits of electrified powertrains in medium-and heavy-duty vehicles. World Electr. Veh. J. 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010012
Visser R. 2015. Harvesting technology watch. Available from: https://fgr.nz/documents/download/3763
Weiss M., Cloos K.C., Helmers E. 2020. Energy efficiency trade-offs in small to large electric vehicles. Environ. Sci. Eur. 32(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00360-3
Zhou W., Chen Y., Zhai H., Zhang W. 2021. Predictive energy management for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using driving profile segmentation and energy-based analytical SoC planning. Energy 220:119700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119700
How to Cite
Cadei, A. (2021) “Energy efficiency of a hybrid cable yarding system: A case study in the North-Eastern Italian Alps under real working conditions”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 52(3). doi: 10.4081/jae.2021.1185.
Copyright (c) 2021 the Author(s) 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Juan Ãngel Mintegui Aguirre, José Carlos Robredo Sánchez, Carlos de Gonzalo Aranoa, Pablo Huelin Rueda, Jorge Fallas, Felipe Cisneros, Pedro Cisneros, Adriana Urciuolo, Rodolfo Iturraspe, Forest use strategies in watershed management and restoration: application to three small mountain watersheds in Latin America , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 45 No. 1 (2014)
- Francesco Bettella, Tamara Michelini, Vincenzo D'Agostino, Gian Battista Bischetti, The ability of tree stems to intercept debris flows in forested fan areas: A laboratory modelling study , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 49 No. 1 (2018)
- Raffaele Cavalli, Stefano Grigolato, Marco Pellegrini, The evolution of a mountain road network from its original use during the First World War to meeting today’s forestry needs: current management , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 43 No. 3 (2012)
- Pasquale Dal Sasso, Giuseppe Ruggiero, Maria Antonella Ottolino, Giuseppe Verdiani, The role of agroforestry areas of the province of Bari in the absortion of carbon dioxide , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 43 No. 1 (2012)
- Emanuele Cerruto, Giuseppe Manetto, Giampaolo Schillaci, Vibration produced by hand-held olive electrical harvesters , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 43 No. 2 (2012)
- Davide Boscaro, Andrea Pezzuolo, Stefano Grigolato, Raffaele Cavalli, Francesco Marinello, Luigi Sartori, Preliminary analysis on mowing and harvesting grass along riverbanks for the supply of anaerobic digestion plants in north-eastern Italy , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 46 No. 3 (2015)
- Stanimir Stoilov, Salvatore F. Papandrea, Georgi Angelov, Delyan Oslekov, Giuseppe Zimbalatti, Andrea R. Proto, Productivity analysis and costs of wheel cable skidder during salvage logging in European beech stand , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 54 No. 2 (2023)
- Wioleta Radawiec, Janusz Gołaszewski, Barbara Kalisz, Solid tailings after supercritical CO2 extraction of lignocellulosic biomass as a source of quality biochar for energetic use and as soil improvement , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 54 No. 3 (2023)
- Andrea Rosario Proto, Alois Skoupy, Giorgio Macri, Giuseppe Zimbalatti, Time consumption and productivity of a medium size mobile tower yarder in downhill and uphill configurations: a case study in Czech Republic , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 47 No. 4 (2016)
- H. Kursat Celik, Ibrahim Akinci, Nuri Caglayan, Allan E.W. Rennie, Structural strength analysis of a rotary drum mower during harvesting , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 55 No. 1 (2024)
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
