https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1254

Theoretical transmission analysis to optimise gearbox for a 2.6 kW automatic pepper transplanter

Vol. 53 No. 4 (2022)
Published: 3 November 2022
Agricultural machinery, gearbox, pepper transplanter, power transmission, spur gear.
Abstract Views: 1230
PDF: 323
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

Md Nafiul Islam
Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
Md Zafar Iqbal
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
Mohammod Ali
Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of.
Milon Chowdhury
Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of.
Shafik Kiraga
Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of.
Md Shaha Nur Kabir
Department of Agricultural and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Dae-Hyun Lee
Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of.
Jea-Keun Woo
National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea, Republic of.
Sun-Ok Chung
sochung@cnu.ac.kr
Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of.

A gearbox is an essential component of an automatic transplanter to transmit engine power to the transplanter components. It is necessary to find the appropriate gearbox dimensions and materials for the pepper transplanter to minimise transmission losses. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to simulate the power transmission efficiency of the gearbox and to determine a suitable number of stages, materials, and the dimensions of the spur gears. A 2.6 kW gasoline engine was considered as the prime source to power the entire transplanter. The available maximum length between the engine and transplanter subsystem was 422 mm. Considering design issues, a simulation model was created to determine the efficiency of the pepper transplanter gearbox, including various types of mechanical losses in the gearing system. Three different modules (1, 2, and 3 mm) and two materials were used to evaluate the effects on transmission. The analysis results indicated that the gearbox transmission efficiency levels of seven to twelve stages were in the range of 93.0–98.7%, whereas the eight-stage gearbox yielded a maximum efficiency of 98.7%, more significant than the target efficiency of 98.0%. Therefore, an eight-stage gearbox was selected for power transmission to the components. The power transmission simulation results showed that the overall efficiency from the engine to the transplanting mechanism shaft varied in a range of 95.2-95.9% owing to contact of the gear meshes. The analysis results also indicated that the 25CrMo4 carbon steel material with a 2-mm module gear was appropriate for the pepper transplanter. Therefore, the analysis in this paper can be used as a reference in the design of pepper transplanter gears and gearboxes with suitable material properties to provide the desired efficiency.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Anderson N.E., Loewenthal S.H. 1986. Efficiency of nonstandard and high contact ratio involute spur gears. J. Mech. Trans. Automation 108:119-26.
Bartlett H.L., Lawson B.E., Goldfarb M. 2018. On the design of power gear trains: Insight regarding number of stages and their respective ratios. PLoS One. 13:e0198048.
Budynas R.G., Nisbett J.K. 2008. Shigley’s mechanical engineering design, 8th rev. ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, USA.
Choi J.C., Choi Y. 1999. Precision forging of spur gears with inside relief. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 39:1575-88.
FAOSTAT. 2020. Report material of research result for production and cultivation area of pepper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize
Gandomi A.H., Yun G.J., Yang X.S., Talatahari S. 2013. Chaos-enhanced accelerated particle swarm optimization. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18:327-40.
Handschuh R.F., Kilmain C.J. 2008. Preliminary comparison of experimental and analytical efficiency results of high-speed helical gear trains. Proc. of the ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 4:949-955.
Heingartner P., Mba D. 2003. Determining power losses in helical gear mesh: Case study. Proc. of the ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Volume: 9th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference, Parts A and B. Chicago, IL, USA, 4:965-970.
Iqbal M.Z., Islam M.N., Ali M., Kabir M.S.N., Park T., Kang T.G., Park K.S., Chung S.O. 2021. Kinematic analysis of a hopper-type dibbling mechanism for a 2.6 kW two-row pepper transplanter. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 35:2605-14.
Iqbal M.Z., Islam M.N., Chowdhury M., Islam S., Park T., Kim Y.J., Chung S.O. 2021. Working speed analysis of the gear-driven dibbling mechanism of a 2.6 kw walking-type automatic pepper transplanter. Machines 9:6.
Islam M.N., Iqbal M.Z., Ali M., Chowdhury M., Kabir M.S.N., Park T., Kim Y., Chung S. 2020. Kinematic analysis of a clamp-type picking device for an automatic pepper transplanter. Agriculture 10:1-18.
Islam M.N., Iqbal M.Z., Chowdhury M., Ali M., Shafik K., Kabir M.S.N., Lee D., Chung S. 2021. Stress and fatigue analysis of picking device gears for a 2.6-kW automatic pepper transplanter. Appl. Sci. 11:2241.
Juvinall R.C., Marshek K.M. 2006. Fundamentals of machine component design, 4th rev. ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Kim J.H., Kim K.U., Wu Y.G. 2000. Analysis of transmission load of agricultural tractors. J. Terramechanics 37:113-25.
Kim W.S., Kim Y.J., Okayasu T. 2018. Analysis of the load of a transplanter PTO shaft based on the planting distance. J. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 63:97-102.
Kuang J.H., Lin A.D. 2001. The effect of tooth wear on the vibration spectrum of a spur gear pair. J. Vib. Acoust. Trans. ASME. 123:311-7.
Kuria J., Kihiu J. 2011. Prediction of overall efficiency in multistage gear trains. World. Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 5:50-6.
Oh S., Grosh K., Barber J.R. 2005. Energy conserving equations of motion for gear systems. J. Vib. Acoust. Trans. ASME. 127:208-12.
Selfridge R.G. 1980. Compound gear trains of minimum equivalent inertia. Mech. Mach. Theory 15:287-94.
Thompson D.F., Gupta S., Shukla A. 2000. Tradeoff analysis in minimum volume design of multi-stage spur gear reduction units. Mech. Mach. Theory 35:609-27.
Townsend D.P., Coy J.J., Zaretsky E.V. 1978. Experimental and analytical load-life relation for AISI 9310 steel spur gears. J. Mech. Des. 100:54-60.
Vaishya M., Singh R. 2003. Strategies for modelling friction in gear dynamics. J. Mech. Des. 125:383-93.
Velex P., Ville F. 2009. An analytical approach to tooth friction losses in spur and helical gears-influence of profile modifications. J. Mech. Des. 131:101008.
Xu H., Kahraman A., Anderson N.E., Maddock D.G. 2007. Prediction of mechanical efficiency of parallel-axis gear pairs. J. Mech. Des. 129:58-68.
Yokota T., Taguchi T., Gen M. 1998. A solution method for optimal weight design problem of the gear using genetic algorithms. Comput. Ind. Eng. 35:523-6.

How to Cite

Islam, M. N. (2022) “Theoretical transmission analysis to optimise gearbox for a 2.6 kW automatic pepper transplanter”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 53(4). doi: 10.4081/jae.2022.1254.
Copyright (c) 2022 the Author(s) Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.


Similar Articles

<< < 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.