https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2024.1579

Effect of different photoperiod regimes in combination with natural and artificial light on nutrient uptake in bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) using an internet of things-based hydroponics system

Vol. 55 No. 3 (2024)
Published: 8 May 2024
Artificial light, bok choy, hydroponics, internet of things (IoT), nutrient uptake
Abstract Views: 425
PDF: 429
HTML: 0
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

Bayu Taruna Widjaja Putra
bayu@unej.ac.id
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Jember, Indonesia.
Wahyu Nurkholis Hadi Syahputra
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Jember; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Indonesia.
Parawita Dewanti
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Indonesia.

In the present study, we analyzed the effect of using a hydroponic system inside a greenhouse and different photoperiod regimes with artificial light on the nutrient uptake of bok choy. Light duration treatment consisting of both sunlight and artificial light was applied to determine the optimal photoperiod for bok choy. Advanced technology—a wireless sensor network and Internet of Things—was used to monitor and maintain nutrient concentrations. Additionally, plant growth was evaluated using image processing technology. A higher amount of P was observed to be accumulated in plants grown in plots without photoperiod. Meanwhile, excessive photoperiod was found to reduce K content in plants. The optimal photoperiod in this study was 20:4 (light:dark), which is a combination of 12 h of sunlight and 8 h of artificial light. Additionally, image processing technology helped monitor plant growth. Pixel information in images can represent plant growth with a R2 value of >0.8. Further, the addition of photoperiod affects the dry weight of yields and growth rate, which is highly correlated to nutrient uptake, with R2 values of 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. The combination of artificial light and sunlight along with the optimal photoperiod can optimize the growth of bok choy with appropriate NPK uptake.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Adams, S.R., Langton, F.A. 2005. Photoperiod and plant growth: A review. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 80:2-10.
Ainun, N., Maneepong, S., Suraninpong, P. 2018. Effects of photoradiation on the growth and potassium, calcium, and magnesium uptake of lettuce cultivated by hydroponics. J. Agricult. Sci. 10: 253.
Aminifard, M.H., Aroiee, H., Nemati, H., Azizi, M., Khayyat, M. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on vegetative and reproductive growth of pepper plants under field conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 35:235-242.
Angmo, P., Phuntsog, N., Namgail, D., Chaurasia, O.P., Stobdan, T. 2021. Effect of shading and high temperature amplitude in greenhouse on growth, photosynthesis, yield and phenolic contents of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 27:1539-1546.
Azmi, N.S., Ahmad, R., Ibrahim, R. 2015. Effect of LED lights, plant growth regulator and photoperiod on shoot production of in vitro propagated Rosa spp. pp. 161-165 in Proc. 2015 International Conference on Smart Sensors and Application (ICSSA), Kuala Lumpur.
Beghi, R., Buratti, S., Giovenzana, V., Benedetti, S., Guidetti, R. 2017. Electronic nose and visible- near infrared spectroscopy in fruit and vegetable monitoring. Rev. Anal. Chem. 36:1-24.
Biradar, M.S., Mantur, S.M., Dhotre, M. 2018. Influence of fertigation on growth and yield of broccoli and red cabbage under nethouse conditions. Acta Hortic. 1227:485-489.
Bodale, I., Mihalache, G., Achiţei, V., Teliban, G.C., Cazacu, A., Stoleru, V. 2021. Evaluation of the nutrients uptake by tomato plants in different phenological stages using an electrical conductivity technique. Agriculture. 11:292.
Buschmann, C., Lenk, S., Lichtenthaler, H.K. 2012. Reflectance spectra and images of green leaves with different tissue structure and chlorophyll content. Israel J. Plant Sci. 60:49-64.
Chaichana, C., Chantrasri, P., Wongsila, S., Wicharuck, S., Fongsamootr, T. 2020. Heat load due to LED lighting of in-door strawberry plantation. Energy Rep. 6:368-373.
Cho, B.K., Chen, Y.R., Kim, M.S. 2007. Multispectral detection of organic residues on poultry processing plant equipment based on hyperspectral reflectance imaging technique. Comput. Electron. Agr. 57:177-189.
Da Silva, M.G., Soares, T M., Gheyi, H.R., de S. Oliveira, I., da Silva Filho, J.A., do Carmo, F. F. 2016. Frequency of recirculation of nutrient solution in hydroponic cultivation of coriander with brackish water. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agr. Amb. 20:447-454.
Darko, E., Heydarizadeh, P., Schoefs, B., Sabzalian, M.R. 2014. Photosynthesis under artificial light: The shift in primary and secondary metabolism. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 369:20130243.
Dhakal, K., Ravi, R., Nandwani, D. 2021. Comparative study of sensory attributes of leafy green vegetables grown under organic and conventional management. Int. J. Food Agr. Nat. Res. 2:29-45.
Dias, J.S. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables: a review. Food Nutr. Sci. 3:1354-1374.
Díaz-Galián, M.V., Torres, M., Sanchez-Pagán, J.D., Navarro, P.J., Weiss, J., Egea-Cortines, M. 2021. Enhancement of strawberry production and fruit quality by blue and red LED lights in research and commercial greenhouses. S. Afr. J. Bot. 140:269-275.
Díaz-Pérez, J.C. 2013. Bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) crop as affected by Shade level: Microenvironment, plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and leaf mineral nutrient concentration. HortScience. 48:175-182.
Fanourakis, D., Briese, C., Max, J.F.J., Kleinen, S., Putz, A., Fiorani, F., Ulbrich, A., Schurr, U. 2014. Rapid determination of leaf area and plant height by using light curtain arrays in four species with contrasting shoot architecture. Plant Methods. 10:9.
Hao, X., Jia, J., Mi, J., Yang, S., Khattak, A.M., Zheng, L., Gao, W., Wang, M. 2020. An optimization model of light intensity and nitrogen concentration coupled with yield and quality. Plant Growth Regul. 92:319-331.
He, X., Chi, Q., Cai, Z., Cheng, Y., Zhang, J., Müller, C. 2020. 15N tracing studies including plant N uptake processes provide new insights on gross N transformations in soil-plant systems. Soil Biol.Biochem. 141:107666.
Harahap, M.A., Harahap, F., Gultom, T. 2020. The effect of ab mix nutrient on growth and yield of pak choi (brassica chinensis l.) plants under hydroponic wick system condition. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1485:012028.
Jenkins, A., Keeffe, G., Hall, N. 2015. Planning urban food production into today’s cities. Future Food J. Food Agric. Soc. 3:35-47.
Jing, G., Hu, T., Liu, J., Cheng, J., Li, W. 2020. Biomass estimation, nutrient accumulation, and stoichiometric characteristics of dominant tree species in the semi-arid region on the loess plateau of China. Sustainability-Basel. 12:1-16.
Johnson, W.A., Nechois, J.R., Cloyd, R.A., Rotenberg, D., Kennelly, M.M. 2012. Effect of light intensity on Brassica rapa chemistry and Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) life history traits. J. Entomol. Sci. 47:327-349.
Kaiser, E., Ouzounis, T., Giday, H., Schipper, R., Heuvelink, E., Marcelis, L.F.M. 2019. Adding blue to red supplemental light increases biomass and yield of greenhouse-grown tomatoes, but only to an optimum. Front. Plant Sci. 9:2002.
Kang, J.H., KrishnaKumar, S., Atulba, S.L.S., Jeong, B.R., Hwang, S. J. 2013. Light intensity and photoperiod influence the growth and development of hydroponically grown leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system. Hortic. Environ. Biote. 54:501-509.
Kebede, B., oromessa, T. 2018. Allometric equations for aboveground biomass estimation of Olea europaea L. subsp. uspidate in Mana Angetu Forest. Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 4:1433951.
Kim, H.J., Kim, W.K., Roh, M.Y., Kang, C.I., Park, J.M., Sudduth, K.A. 2013. Automated sensing of hydroponic macronutrients using a computer-controlled system with an array of ion- selective electrodes. Comput. Electron. Agr. 93:46-54.
Lei, C., Engeseth, N.J. 2021. Comparison of growth characteristics, functional qualities, and texture of hydroponically grown and soil-grown lettuce. LWT. 150:111931.
Li, C., Li, Y., Li, Y., Fu, G. 2018. Cultivation techniques and nutrient management strategies to improve productivity of rain-fed maize in semi-arid regions. Agr. Water Manage. 210:149-157.
Li, S., Liu, C., Tan, X., Tan, B., He, Y., Li, N. 2020. Interactive effects of light and nitrogen on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis l.) growth and soil enzyme activity in an underground environment. Agronomy 10:1772.
Li, Y., Xiao, J., Hu, J., Jeong, B.R. 2021. Critical photoperiod and optimal quality of night interruption light for runner induction in June-bearing strawberries. Agronomy 11:1996.
Liao, M.S., Chen, S.F., Chou, C.Y., Chen, H.Y., Yeh, S.H., Chang, Y.C., Jiang, J A. 2017. On precisely relating the growth of Phalaenopsis leaves to greenhouse environmental factors by using an IoT-based monitoring system. Comput. Electron. Agr. 136:125-139.
Liu, K., Gao, M., Jiang, H., Ou, S., Li, X., He, R., Li, Y., Liu, H. 2022. Light intensity and photoperiod affect growth and nutritional quality of Brassica microgreens. Molecules. 27:883.
Majid, M., Khan, J.N., Shah, M.A., Masoodi, K.Z., Afroza, B., Parvaze, S. 2021. Evaluation of hydroponic systems for the cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) and comparison with protected soil-based cultivation. Agr. Water Manage. 245:106572.
Maketon, C., Aramrak, A., Wawro, W., Rungratanaubon, T. 2020. Hydroponic cultivation of black galingale (Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker). Agr. Nat. Resour. 54:91-97.
Makky, M. 2016. A portable low-cost non-destructive ripeness inspection for oil palm FFB. Agric. Agric. Sci. Proc. 9:230-240.
Mansoorkhani, F.M., Seymour, G.B., Swarup, R., Moeiniyan Bagheri, H., Ramsey, R.J.L., Thompson, A.J. 2014. Environmental, developmental, and genetic factors controlling root system architecture. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 30:95-112.
Marucci, A., Monarca, D., Cecchini, M., Colantoni, A., Cappuccini, A. 2015. Analysis of internal shading degree to a prototype of dynamics photovoltaic greenhouse through simulation software. J. Agric. Eng.-Italy. 46:483.
Mehboob, A., Ali, W., Rafaqat, T., Talib, A. 2019. Automation and control system of EC and pH for indoor hydroponics system. Available from: https://ieec.neduet.edu.pk/2019/Papers_IEEC_2019/IEEC_2019_33.pdf
Miller, A., Adhikari, R., Nemali, K. 2020. Recycling nutrient solution can reduce growth due to nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic production. Front. Plant Sci. 11:607643.
Nadalini, S., Zucchi, P., Andreotti, C. 2017. Effects of blue and red led lights on soilless cultivated strawberry growth performances and fruit quality. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci. 82:12-20.
Najera, C., Urrestarazu, M. 2019. Effect of the intensity and spectral quality of LED light on yield and nitrate accumulation in vegetables. HortScience. 54:1745-1750.
Nakmee, P. S., Techapinyawat, S., Ngamprasit, S. 2016. Comparative potentials of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve nutrient uptake and biomass of Sorghum bicolor Linn. Agr. Nat. Resour. 50:173-178.
Naznin, M. T., Lefsrud, M., Gravel, V., Hao, X. 2016. Using different ratios of red and blue LEDs to improve the growth of strawberry plants. Acta Hortic. 1134:125-130.
Pequerul, A., Pérez, C., Madero, P., Val, J., Monge, E. 1993. A rapid wet digestion method for plant analysis. In: Fragoso, M.A.C., Van Beusichem, M.L., Houwers, A. (eds) Optimization of Plant Nutrition. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 3-6.
Putra, B.T.W., Soni, P., Morimoto, E., Pujiyanto, P. 2018. Estimating biophysical properties of coffee (Coffea canephora) plants with above-canopy field measurements, using CropSpec. Int. Agrophys. 32:183-191.
Putra, B.T.W., Syahputra, W.N.H., Anam, K., Darmawan, T., Marhaenanto, B. 2021. Comprehensive measurement and evaluation of modern paddy cultivation with a hydroganics system under different nutrient regimes using WSN and ground-based remote sensing. Measurement. 178:109420.
Rao Puli, M., Prasad, P.R.K., Ravindra Babu, P., Narasimha Rao, K.L., Subbaiah, G. 2019. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on secondary and micronutrient content in rice at various growth periods. Oryza. 56:312-317.
Ruangrak, E., Khummueng, W. 2019. Effects of artificial light sources on accumulation of phytochemical contents in hydroponic lettuce. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 94:378-388.
Sabri, M.S.A., Endut, R., Rashidi, C.B.M., Laili, A.R., Aljunid, S.A., Ali, N. 2019. Analysis of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for chlorophyll prediction in oil palm leaves. Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform. 8:506-513.
Samseemoung, G., Soni, P., Sirikul, C. 2017. Monitoring and precision spraying for orchid plantation with wireless WebCAMs. Agriculture 7:87.
Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J. 2021. Potassium control of plant functions: Ecological and agricultural implications. Plants. 10:419.
Sharma, N. 2019. Hydroponics as an advanced technique for vegetable production: an overview. J. Soil Water Conserv. 17:364-371.
Slavin, J.L., Lloyd, B. 2012. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv. Nutr. 3:506-516.
Song, J., Chen, Z., Zhang, A., Wang, M., Jahan, M. S., Wen, Y., Liu, X. 2022. The positive effects of increased light intensity on growth and photosynthetic performance of tomato seedlings in relation to night temperature level. Agronomy. 12:343.
Suwitra, I K., Amalia, A.F., Firdaus, J., Dalapati, A., Fadhilah, N. 2021. Study of ABMix nutrition concentration and water concentration in hydroponics with Deep Film Technique (DFT) system in Central Sulawesi. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 807:042009.
Swain, K.C., Thomson, S.J., Jayasuriya, H.P.W. 2010. Adoption of an unmanned helicopter for low-altitude remote sensing to estimate yield and total biomass of a rice crop. T. ASABE. 53:21-27.
Syed, A.M., Hachem, C. 2019. Review of design trends in lighting, environmental controls, carbon dioxide supplementation, passive design, and renewable energy systems for agricultural greenhouses. J. Biosyst. Eng. 44:28-36.
Wen, M., Yang, S., Huo, L., He, P., Xu, X., Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Zhou, W. 2022. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for melon based on the QUEFTS model. Agronomy. 12:207.
Widjaja Putra, B.T., Soni, P. 2018a. Dataset of chlorophyll content estimation of Coffea Canephora using red and near-infrared consumer-grade camera. Data Brief. 21:736-741.
Widjaja Putra, B.T., Soni, P. 2018b. Enhanced broadband greenness in assessing chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, and nitrogen in Robusta coffee plantations using a digital camera. Precis. Agric. 19:238-256.
Wijaya, I., Sigmarawan, G.T., Budisanjaya, I.P.G. 2019. LED (Light Emitting Diode) light provides positive effects on growth and productivity of Pakcoy mustard (Brassica Rapa L.). IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 355:012802.
Wu, Q., Guo, L., Li, X., Wang, Y. 2021. Effect of phosphorus concentration and light/dark condition on phosphorus uptake and distribution with microalgae. Biores. Technol. 340:125745.
Wu, Z., Skjelvåg, A. O., Baadshaug, O. H. 2004. Quantification of photoperiodic effects on growth of Phleum pratense. Ann. Bot. 94:535-543.
Xu, J., Guo, Z., Jiang, X., Ahammed, G.J., Zhou, Y. 2021. Light regulation of horticultural crop nutrient uptake and utilization. Hortic. Plant J. 7:367-379.
Xu, Y., Yang, M., Cheng, F., Liu, S., Liang, Y. 2020. Effects of LED photoperiods and light qualities on in vitro growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of Cunninghamia lanceolata. BMC Plant Biol. 20:269.
Xue, J., Su, B. 2017. Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: A review of developments and applications. J. Sensors. 2017:1353691.
Zheng, Y.J., Zhang, Y.T., Liu, H.C., Li, Y.M., Liu, Y.L., Hao, Y.W., Lei, B.F. 2018. Supplemental blue light increases growth and quality of greenhouse pak choi depending on cultivar and supplemental light intensity. J. Integr. Agr. 17:2245-2256.

How to Cite

Widjaja Putra, B. T., Hadi Syahputra, W. N. and Dewanti, P. (2024) “Effect of different photoperiod regimes in combination with natural and artificial light on nutrient uptake in bok choy (<em>Brassica rapa</em> L.) using an internet of things-based hydroponics system”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 55(3). doi: 10.4081/jae.2024.1579.
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s) Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.