https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2025.1723
Evaluating the efficiency of energy use in cultivation of medicinal plants: a case study on garden thyme and peppermint employing life cycle assessment and support vector machine modeling
Published: 17 February 2025
Abstract Views: 9
PDF: 25
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
This study utilized two questionnaires to assess energy consumption in farms and the energy yield from garden thyme and peppermint over multiple years. During face-to-face meetings with farmers, 55 questionnaires were completed. The Ecoinvent database was utilized to gather necessary information, and Simapro software was employed for LCA calculations. Additionally, the study utilized the SVM model to predict the energy output of garden thyme and peppermint. The findings revealed that electricity accounted for the highest energy consumption in thyme cultivation, representing 41% for garden thyme and 36% for peppermint of the total energy usage. Urea fertilizer played a significant role in energy consumption for both peppermint and garden thyme agriculture, comprising 34% of the total energy usage after electricity. Furthermore, the energy production to consumption ratio for five years of garden thyme and peppermint cultivation stood at approximately 2.2 and 2.17, respectively. The results demonstrated that the SVM model exhibited high accuracy and low error rates in estimating energy output for garden thyme and peppermint. The evaluation criteria for actual versus predicted data yielded an R2 value of 0.9796 and RMSE of 0.0367 for garden thyme, and an R2 value of 0.9765 and RMSE of 0.0081 for peppermint. These metrics indicate a strong performance in estimating output energy for both plants.
Abeliotis, K., Detsis, V., Pappia, C., 2013. Life cycle assessment of bean production in the Prespa National Park, Greece. J. Clean. Prod. 41:89-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.032
Akdemir, S., Akcaoz, H., Kizilay, H., 2012. An analysis of energy use and input costs for apple production in Turkey. J. Food Agric. Environ. 10:473-479.
Amezcua-Allieri, M.A., Martínez-Hernández, E., Anaya-Reza, O., Magdaleno-Molina, M., Melgarejo-Flores, L.A., Palmerín-Ruiz, M.E., et al, 2019. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for energy generation from sugarcane bagasse: Case study for a sugar mill in Mexico. Food Bioprod. Process. 118:281-292.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.09.014
Awani, S., Kooli, S., Chargui, R., Guizani, A., 2017. Numerical and experimental study of a closed loop for ground heat exchanger coupled with heat pump system and a solar collector for heating a glass greenhouse in north of Tunisia. Int. J. Refrig. 76:328-341.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.01.030
Carlsson, M., Lagerkvist, A., Morgan-Sagastume, F., 2012. The effects of substrate pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion systems: A review. Waste Manag. 32:1634-1650.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.016
Cellura, M., Longo, S., Mistretta, M., 2012. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of protected crops: an Italian case study. J. Clean. Prod. 28:56-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.021
Clarke, C., Williams, I.D., Turner, D.A., 2019. Evaluating the carbon footprint of WEEE management in the UK. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 141: 465-473.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.003
Cochran, W.G., 1977. The estimation of sample size. Sampl. Tech. 3:72-90.
Di Maria, F., Micale, C., Contini, S., 2016. A novel approach for uncertainty propagation applied to two different bio-waste management options. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 21:1529-1537.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1101-1
Dorr, E., Koegler, M., Gabrielle, B., Aubry, C., 2021. Life cycle assessment of a circular, urban mushroom farm. J. Clean. Prod. 288:125668.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125668
Eskandari, H., Attar, S., 2015. Energy comparison of two rice cultivation systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 42:666-671.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.050
Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., Kaab, A., Rafiee, S., 2020. Application of life cycle analysis to assess environmental sustainability of wheat cultivation in the west of Iran. Energy 193:116768.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116768
Hedau, N.K., Tuti, M.D., Stanley, J., Mina, B.L., Agrawal, P.K., Bisht, J.K., Bhatt, J.C., 2014. Energy-use efficiency and economic analysis of vegetable cropping sequences under greenhouse condition. Energy Effic. 7: 507-515.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9239-1
Huang, C., Davis, L.S., Townshend, J.R.G., 2002. An assessment of support vector machines for land cover classification. Int. J. Remote Sens. 23:725-749.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110040323
Ingwersen, W.W., 2012. Life cycle assessment of fresh pineapple from Costa Rica. J. Clean. Prod. 35:152-163.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.035
IPCC, 2006. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. 2. Inst. Glob. Environ. Strateg. Hayama, Japan.
Kaab, Ali, Sharifi, M., Mobli, H., 2019a. Analysis and optimization of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in sugarcane production using data envelopment analysis. Iran. J. Biosyst. Eng. 50:19-30.
Kaab, A., Sharifi, M., Mobli, H., Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Chau, K.-W., 2019a. Combined life cycle assessment and artificial intelligence for prediction of output energy and environmental impacts of sugarcane production. Sci. Total Environ. 664:1005-1019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.004
Kaab, A., Sharifi, M., Mobli, H., Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Chau, K., 2019b. Use of optimization techniques for energy use efficiency and environmental life cycle assessment modification in sugarcane production. Energy 181:1298-1320.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.002
Kalantary, S., Jahani, A., Jahani, R., 2020. MLR and ANN approaches for prediction of synthetic/natural nanofibers diameter in the environmental and medical applications. Sci. Rep. 10:8117.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65121-x
Keyes, S., Tyedmers, P., Beazley, K., 2015. Evaluating the environmental impacts of conventional and organic apple production in Nova Scotia, Canada, through life cycle assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 104:40-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.037
Khorasanizadeh, H., Mohammadi, K., Mostafaeipour, A., 2014. Establishing a diffuse solar radiation model for determining the optimum tilt angle of solar surfaces in Tabass, Iran. Energy Convers. Manag. 78:805-814.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.11.048
Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Mousazadeh, H., Clark, S., 2014. Environmental impact assessment of tomato and cucumber cultivation in greenhouses using life cycle assessment and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. J. Clean. Prod. 73:183-192.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.057
Kitani, O., 1999. CIGR Handbook of agricultural engineering, volume V: Energy and biomass engineering. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Kulpa, D., Wesolowska, A., Jadczak, P., 2018. Micropropagation and composition of essentials oils in garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 46:525-532.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211020
Longo, S., Mistretta, M., Guarino, F., Cellura, M., 2017. Life Cycle Assessment of organic and conventional apple supply chains in the North of Italy. J. Clean. Prod. 140:654-663.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.049
Mahendran, G., Rahman, L.U., 2020. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological updates on Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) - A review. Phyther. Res. 34:2088-2139.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6664
Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, 2001. [Annual Agricultural Statistics].[in Persian]. Available from: www.maj.ir
Mostashari-Rad, F., Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., Taki, M., Ghahderijani, M., Kaab, A., Chau, K. wing, Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., 2021. Exergoenvironmental damages assessment of horticultural crops using ReCiPe2016 and cumulative exergy demand frameworks. J. Clean. Prod. 278:123788.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123788
Mousavi-Avval, S.H., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A., Mohammadi, A., 2011. Energy flow modeling and sensitivity analysis of inputs for canola production in Iran. J. Clean. Prod. 19:1464-1470.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.04.013
Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Rafiee, S., Mohammadkashi, N., Chau, K.-W., Mostashari-Rad, F., 2022. Principle of life cycle assessment and cumulative exergy demand for biodiesel production: farm-to-combustion approach. In: Amidpour, M., Ebadollahi, M., Jabari, F., Kolahi, MR., Ghaebi, H. (eds.), Synergy development in renewables assisted multi-carrier systems. Green Energy and Technology. Cham, Springer. pp. 127-169.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90720-4_6
Noroozisharaf, A., Kaviani, M., 2018. Effect of soil application of humic acid on nutrients uptake, essential oil and chemical compositions of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under greenhouse conditions. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 24:423-431.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0510-y
Ojaghlou, H., Ojaghlou, F., Jafari, M.M., Misaghi, F., Nazari, B., Karami Dehkordi, E., 2023. Effect of irrigation management on water productivity indicators of alfalfa. Water Soil 37_165-185.
Pahlavan, R., Omid, M., Rafiee, S., Mousavi-avval, S.H., 2012. Optimization of energy consumption for rose production in Iran. Energy Sustain. Dev. 16:236-241.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.12.001
Payandeh, Z., Jahanbakhshi, A., Mesri-Gundoshmian, T., Clark, S., 2021. Improving energy efficiency of barley production using joint data envelopment analysis (DEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA): evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and optimization approach. Sustainability (Basel) 13:6082.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116082
Ren, L.T., Liu, Z.X., Wei, T.Y., Xie, G.H., 2012. Evaluation of energy input and output of sweet sorghum grown as a bioenergy crop on coastal saline-alkali land. Energy 47: 166-173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.024
Sahle, A., Potting, J., 2013. Environmental life cycle assessment of Ethiopian rose cultivation. Sci. Total Environ. 443:163-172.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.048
Salehi, M., Ebrahimi, R., Maleki, A., Ghasemi Mobtaker, H., 2014. An assessment of energy modeling and input costs for greenhouse button mushroom production in Iran. J. Clean. Prod. 64:377-383.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.005
Samuel-Fitwi, B., Meyer, S., Reckmann, K., Schroeder, J.P., Schulz, C., 2013. Aspiring for environmentally conscious aquafeed: comparative LCA of aquafeed manufacturing using different protein sources. J. Clean. Prod. 52:225-233.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.031
Shokoohi, F., Ebadi, M.T., Ghomi, H., Ayyari, M., 2022. Changes in qualitative characteristics of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) as affected by cold plasma. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 31:100411.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100411
Soam, S., Borjesson, P., Sharma, P.K., Gupta, R.P., Tuli, D.K., Kumar, R., 2017. Life cycle assessment of rice straw utilization practices in India. Bioresour. Technol. 22: 89-98.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.082
Taghinezhad, J., Alimardani, R., Jafari, A., 2014. Energy consumption flow and econometric models of sugarcane production in Khouzestan Province of Iran. Sugar Tech 16:277-285.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-013-0280-3
Taherzadeh-Shalmaei, N., Sharifi, M., Ghasemi-Mobtaker, H., Kaab, A., 2021. Evaluating the energy use, economic and environmental sustainability for smoked fish production from life cycle assessment point of view (case study: Guilan Province, Iran). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 28:53833-53846.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14437-w
Zhao, H., Ren, S., Yang, H., Tang, S., Guo, C., Liu, M., et al., 2022. Peppermint essential oil: its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomed. Pharmacother. 154:113559.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113559
How to Cite
Tamhidi, F. (2025) “Evaluating the efficiency of energy use in cultivation of medicinal plants: a case study on garden thyme and peppermint employing life cycle assessment and support vector machine modeling”, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 56(1). doi: 10.4081/jae.2025.1723.
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Similar Articles
- Bayu Taruna Widjaja Putra, Wahyu Nurkholis Hadi Syahputra, Parawita Dewanti, Effect of different photoperiod regimes in combination with natural and artificial light on nutrient uptake in bok choy (Brassica rapa L.) using an internet of things-based hydroponics system , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 55 No. 3 (2024)
- Wei Deng, Chunjiang Zhao, Liping Chen, Xiu Wang, Constant pressure control for variable-rate spray using closed-loop proportion integration differentiation regulation , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 47 No. 3 (2016)
- Valentina Giovenzana, Stefano Baroffio, Roberto Beghi, Andrea Casson, Alessia Pampuri, Alessio Tugnolo, Diego De Filippi, Riccardo Guidetti, Technological innovation in the winery addressing oenology 4.0: testing of an automated system for the alcoholic fermentation management , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 52 No. 4 (2021)
- Yubing Sun, Yutong Zheng, Application of MOS gas sensors for detecting mechanical damage of tea plants , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 55 No. 4 (2024)
- Michele Raffaelli, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Angelo Innocenti, Lamberto Dal Re, Lia Bardasi, Giorgio Galletti, Andrea Peruzzi, Development of a flaming machine for the disinfection of poultry grow-out facilities , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 44 No. 1 (2013)
- Roy Latsch, Joachim Sauter, Optimisation of hot-water application technology for the control of broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 45 No. 4 (2014)
- Roberto Romaniello, Alessandro Leone, Giorgio Peri, Measurement of food colour in L*a*b* units from RGB digital image using least squares support vector machine regression , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 46 No. 4 (2015)
- Davide M. Giordano, Davide Facchinetti, Domenico Pessina, The spading machine as an alternative to the plough for the primary tillage , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 46 No. 1 (2015)
- Alessandro Parenti, Piernicola Masella, Lorenzo Guerrini, Antonio Guiso, Paolo Spugnoli, Energetic and economic viability of olive stone recovery as a renewable energy source: a Southern Italy case study , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 45 No. 2 (2014)
- Stanimir Stoilov, Salvatore F. Papandrea, Georgi Angelov, Delyan Oslekov, Giuseppe Zimbalatti, Andrea R. Proto, Productivity analysis and costs of wheel cable skidder during salvage logging in European beech stand , Journal of Agricultural Engineering: Vol. 54 No. 2 (2023)
<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
